Report Topics How to Select the Most Suitable

Choosing the topic for your report may be a pretty challenging task. Students spend a bunch of their time in order to find out what their report will finally be about. We all have Facebook and Twitter accounts, we surf the news portals every single day and we all know how to dig the most valuable information from both – printed and media industry. But what if you are required to provide something absolutely new? Something that should hook your target audience attention from the very first line and leave your reader craving for more. Here are some helpful recommendations on how to pick the right topic for the report project. Brainstorm. Make sure to rack your brain and ponder over all the potential ideas, facts, events, literature publications, hobbies, controversies that you cold dedicate your paper to. Create a quick list of all of them as they pop up in your head.Keep in mind the target audience you’re creating your report for, the study and the goal of it. Try to view your report topic as if you’re not the author, but the reader, who will face it. Eliminate. Are you finally ready with the list of all possible report topics ideas? Now it’s time to cross out the ones you are not sure about the ones that, as you may think, are most likely to fail.Depending on how much time you have to cope with the assignment and how long it is supposed to be, make certain to cross out the topics that require complex and time-consuming study, research and reading process. Keep your target audience in mind. No matter what stage of the report writing you’re dealing with, think of the ones you’re doing it for, what topics they will be most likely hooked by. Ask for professional assistance. By this moment you definitely have just a couple of topics left within the list. It is recommended to approach your college tutors, friends and fellow students to ask them what they think about your ideas. Pick one. This is when you must pick the most suitable topic, develop the supreme quality paper and finally get over it. There’s no need to waste your precious time until the night before the submission just because you cannot make up your mind regarding the report topic! Besides, you shouldn’t change your idea once the process of work is in full play. Exert every effort to reach the place of your destination with a single idea. That’s a real waste of time to pick only one topic, generate several pages of the report and then, all of a sudden, change your mind (unless your college or university tutor requires you to do so!).

Similar Themes in A Rose for Emily, The Garden Party, and...

Short stories often have various underlying themes and meanings to them and can often be compared to other stories to find those same meanings. Occasionally, you need to dig deeper to find these hidden meanings. The three short stories, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, The Garden Party by Katherine Mansfield, and Everyday Use by Alice Walker all share some similar themes and ideas that require some digging to uncover and bring to the surface. The main analysis this essay with cover is comparing how the three stories discuss and express class and heritage, as well as how death can cause people to not only think things in a different way but also how death can open your eyes to something you never would have seen otherwise. Another thing that is potentially easily missed is how each of the individuals writing styles and backgrounds affect the ground work of the stories and how they progress. The first of the three stories is called A Rose for Emily (Faulkner, 1993). It is a story focused around Emily Grierson and the author divides the story into 5 parts or sections. The story has a narrator that goes nameless for the entirety of the story. In section one of A Rose for Emily (Faulkner, 1993) the narrator is recalling the death of Emily Grierson and how the collective group of towns folk attend the funeral, which is located in her home. It also talks about how after the death of Emily’s father that the mayor of the town at the time suspended Emily’s tax responsibilitiesShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe middle. In still other cases, the chronology of plot may shift backward and forward in time, as for example in William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, where the author deliberately sets aside the chronological ordering of events and their cause/effect relationship in order to establish an atmosphere of unreality, build suspense and mystery, and underscore Emily Grierson’s own attempt to deny the passage of time itself. Perhaps the most frequently and conventionally used device of interruptingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesaccessibility of primary documents and secondary works on world history in the past 100–150 years, which are clearly evident in the citations that accompany the essays in this collection, makes this neglect all the more lamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust theRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pagesnon-infringement. In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services.†¨ The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. ChangesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pages These range from introduction to marketing/marketing principles to courses in marketing management and strategic marketing. It can also be used as a text in international marketing courses. Retailing, entrepreneurship, and ethics courses could use a number of these cases and their learning insights. It can certainly be used in training programs and even appeal to nonprofessionals who are looking for a good read about well-known firms and personalities. TEACHING AIDS As in previous editionsRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages† Chairman and CEO, salesforce.com; author, Behind the Cloud â€Å" e Innovator’s DNA is the ‘how to’ manual to innovation, and to the fresh thinking that is the root of innovation. It has dozens of simple tricks that any person and any team can use today to discover the new ideas that solve the important problems. Buy it now and read it tonight. Tomorrow you will learn more, create more, inspire more.† Chairman of the Executive Committee, Intuit Inc. â€Å" e Innovator’s DNA sheds new light

The Bombmaker Free Essays

This was the part of the job that he hated, planting the bomb; any thing could go wrong. He checked his watch, 10:20, ‘good’ he thought the train wasn’t due for 20 minutes. He was putting the blue hold-all with the bomb in inside the tunnel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bombmaker or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was set to go in ten minutes. When he put it down he ran back to the car, his orders were to plant the bomb and make sure it went off with out a hitch. The bomb was meant to disrupt only not to kill or maim. He looked to the tunnel and to his horror he saw three school children about to pickup the bag and set off the bomb. He jumped out of his car and ran to the tunnel as fast as he could shouting â€Å"DON’T TOUCH THAT BAG.† It was too late. That was five years ago†¦ Andrea has always blamed her self for the accident. After that she left the IRA. They begged her not to leave, special branch begged her not to leave, but she was adamant she didn’t want to make bombs any more. Present day It was 10:30 in Tokyo. Michael was on his way to Tokyo tower for a meeting with the triads. He decided that if he ever got out of this one alive he would go completely legit. When he got there he was patted down to make sure he was not wearing a wire. He was clean. â€Å"Well Michael we need a favour† said one of the triads â€Å"we need a building to be destroyed for the insurance we hear you know someone to do it.†(Michael is ex-IRA) â€Å"Yea I KNEW some one but I have lost contact with them† replied Michael â€Å"All you have to do is give us the address and we will get back in contact with them† said another triad. â€Å"Here is a picture of the building to be destroyed† It was an office block built in the 70’s. The building looked as if it was going to fall on its own. Meanwhile 10,000 miles away in Southeast London Andrea Hayes was putting her 7-year-old daughter Sam to bed. â€Å"Its about time she went to bed, she’s got school in the morning† â€Å"Yea what’s on TV tonight† â€Å"Just a wild life documentary† â€Å"Ok† While they were talking they didn’t hear people braking in the back door walking up the stairs to their daughters room. One of them stumbles â€Å"Quiet† the woman whispered â€Å"all we need to do is grab the kid and get out† So they crept carefully to the room picked the girl up and got out of the house without Andy or Jack hearing them. Andy woke up the next morning and went to get Sam up for school. When she got to her room she found a mobile with a post-it note on with her code name from the IRA and a phone number on. She left Jack in bed and went out back to call the number. â€Å"WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH MY DAUGHTER?† shouted Andrea â€Å"Calm down Andy your daughter will be fine as long as you do as we say.† â€Å"Ok† said Andrea calmer than before â€Å"what do you want me to do.† What followed were some instructions to go to London and wait on Baker Street for a brown ford transit. Just before she left for London she left a note for jack telling him to contact Frank Carter of special branch and tell him ‘they have got Brian’ When she got to London she rented a hotel room to stay in till the pickup. Because the hotel was a short walk to Baker Street she was only waiting for 30 seconds before she bundled in to a van. â€Å"Who are you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ just as she was knocked unconscious About 3 hours later†¦ â€Å"W†¦w†¦where am I† asked Andrea groggily â€Å"You are in a house.† replied voice â€Å"wh†¦who are you† asked Andrea â€Å"You can call me Lisa† replied the Lisa â€Å"and what you will doing is building a 2000 pound fertiliser bomb† â€Å"WHAT† exclaimed Andrea â€Å"YOU WANT ME TO DO WHAT† â€Å"yes we know it sounds a bit big, but we think you can pull it off† â€Å"Ill need help, and materials do I get them† enquired Andrea â€Å"of course you do, just write up a shopping list and ill send these two to get it all† Lisa said pointing to two big strong men called wrestler and boxer. So she set to work putting together the bomb While this was happening 300 miles away at home†¦ Jack was just waking up seeing the he jumped out of bed and ran downstairs to see if Sam had gone to school when he saw the note. It said ‘Jack call special branch and ask for Frank Carter and say they’ve got ‘Brian.’ Who was ‘Brian’ what did she have to do with special branch. While all this was running through his head one big question was where is Andy and where is Sam. He instantly grabbed the phone and called the police to get through to special branch. â€Å"Frank Carter does not work for special branch any more,† said the operator. â€Å"Well then could you call him and say they’ve got Brian† (A clicking sound) â€Å"What do you know about ‘Brian?'† said another voice â€Å"Nothing my wife left me a note to say that to Frank Carter.† â€Å"Stay there we will come and get you† â€Å"Ok† Meanwhile Andrea was nearing completion of the bomb â€Å"How is it going† asked Lisa How to cite The Bombmaker, Papers

Reverse Logistics in Australian Post

Question: Discuss about theReverse Logistics in Australian Post. Answer: Current Issues in Logistics Management Reverse logistics can be used to describe the way in which goods move from their final destination with the aim of creating value or securing proper disposal. The processes that come after the delivery of goods to the customer or after the sale of a commodity are classified as reverse logistic operations. Examples of reverse logistics are the cases when a customer returns a product back to the manufacturer or the merchant when the commodity is defective or not in the desired condition. After receiving the defective product, the manufacturer may then dispose of, dismantle, recycle or repair the product and these processes are other examples of reverse logistics (Ai?t-Kadi 2012). The commodity will have to travel in reverse through the supply chain process for the manufacturer or the merchant to get some value from it after its original recipient rejects it. Current Logistics in Australian Post and Future Trends Australian post is a self-funded government institution that delivers parcels and letters to and for the community. Since the government as its primary stakeholder, the company does not pay huge amounts of money regarding taxation, and this has made the company grow and soar to higher heights in that it has no equal rival or competitor. The post operates as a bridge between the community and the people living overseas whom they would desire to communicate with as well as foreign merchants. People can shop from foreign markets and then have their commodities delivered by the post at their doorstep (Hunter 2000). Through managing the process of returning products the company has managed to create a trust to their customers and significantly made them happy and satisfied. The company plans to establish a digital system whereby the recipients can be notified of the arrival of their commodities and hence avoid late deliveries or issues of people not picking their goods. Reverse Logistics Dimensions Various issues happen when the letters, as well as parcels, are in transit that is in the supply chain cycle (Christopher 2011). The commodities may get spoilt or defective before they reach to the destined owner. The Australian post acts as the intermediary between the recipient of the parcel or the letter and the sender. In the cases where the package is tampered with, or the customer rejects it, the company takes up the responsibility of sending the commodity back to the sender. The company repackages the merchandise and ensures that it is safely delivered to the original sender (Bonev 2012). The company works to ensure that the goods and all the parcels rejected by the recipient are presented back to the sender and in the condition that the customer handed them back to the post. There are challenges involved, however, especially when the client receives the commodity, goes home with it and returns it the next day since it's hard to identify if the defect happened in transit or at when in the hands of the customer (Bag 2016). The issue, however, has been resolved by having customers confirm that the goods are in good condition before leaving the post office. In the case of failed deliveries, the Australian post resends the packages and the letters back to the senders after keeping the parcels in their warehouse for a given period of time. Since the company accommodates sending and receiving of merchandise overseas, cases of recipients not picking the goods for a given period are common (Vitale n.d.). The company, therefore, ensures that the products that the customers failed to collect or the ones whose physical deliveries were not possible are sent back to the merchant or the manufacturer within the stipulated period. For ease in the processes, the Australian post demands that the sender shares details on the contact or the delivery address in case the customer or the intended recipient fails to pick their goods within a given time. For risk management, after the delivery of the products, the Australian post agents perform the de-installation of the commodities such as electronics at the customers location. The service saves the merchant extra costs of having to send their agents to carry out the de-installation and saves the customers the cost of having to hire a specialist to perform the de-installation at their site. The service brings in merchant and customer satisfaction (Nikolaidis 2013). The service, however, has some adverse effects on the postal company in that in case the commodity becomes faulty in the process of assembling, the company pays for the damages or in some cases replaces the commodity with another one. To mitigate risk and avoid unnecessary losses, Australian post also ensures visibility of returns data so as to enable proactive decision making on the merchants side. The company records the details of the goods returned by the customer including the condition in which the goods were when the customer returned then as well as the time they took to return them (Walden 2012). The information helps the merchants to decide whether to replace or repair the commodities returned (Bonev 2012). The post company also offers express delivery and exchange of returned goods between the customers and the merchants. References Ai?t-Kadi, D. (2012). Sustainable Reverse Logistics Network. London: ISTE. Bag, S. (2016). Flexible procurement systems is key to supply chain sustainability. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Blanchard, D. (2010). Supply chain management best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Bonev, M. (2012). Managing reverse logistics using system dynamics. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag. Christopher, M. (2011). Logistics supply chain management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Hunter, M. (2000). Australia Post delivering more than ever. Edgecliff, N.S.W.: Pocus Pub. Nikolaidis, I. (2013). Quality management in reverse logistics. London: Springer. Vitale, M. (n.d.). Australia Post. SSRN Electronic Journal. Walden, C. (2012). Reverse logistics. [Place of publication not identified]: Biblioscholar. Ward, M. (2004). Crisis Management. Risk Management, 6(4), pp.67-68.

The Ethical Dilemma Of The Indian Barial Contoversy Essays

The Ethical Dilemma Of The Indian Barial Contoversy Grave desecration has been experiences in the United States for nearly two hundred tears without respect to Native Indians first amendment rights to freedom of religion. Indian spirituality is not free from ecology, they are part of the same system of the beliefs for Indians, and their spiritual beliefs are a significant part of their culture. Their beliefs operate in the present applying through space, to all people. Their views are global and everyone is perceived to live within these beliefs. Part of the spiritual/ecological process is confirmed within the role of their ancestors and traditions are held within these beliefs. American archeologists fell obligated to tell the story of pre-historic American peoples. Using scientific methods they trace through time within the study of ancient burials. They can accumulate data as to disease patterns, diet, environment, cultural, demographics and population changes. The continued uses of skeletal remains are detrimental to them, as research methods are updated and fields of interest evolve. Without hard resources, their work may come into question because they will have no original data source to state their claims of science and their research may come into question. Looking at science (archeology) as a belief system, they too are entitled to their first amendment right. Since prehistoric times, Native Americans have kept their stories alive without the written record but rather through oral tradition. Stories are handed down to generation after generation, and their ancestors buried are mistaken, by archeologists, as prehistoric peoples that have hidden secrets. Come of the natives do not see the benefit that archeology provides, because they are already aware of the cultural details that are unveiled through desecration. Since Indian values conflict with archeology, very few Indian students pursue it as a potential profession; while the archeologist view their research as beneficial to both traditions. Archeologists value what is a basic human right to the Indians established religious beliefs and practices regarding the dead. The gap between them needs to be bridged in order to resolve this on going dispute. One example between them is the Navajo Nation Archeological Department (NNAD). The NNAD's long-term objective is to train Navajos as archeologists and eliminate any non-Indians from the program, But does this lead to conflict of interest set by the traditional belief system of the Navajo? With any sort of compromise, both traditions may find a deeper understanding of American prehistory. Our understanding may become richer when archeological method works with traditional Native perspective to tell us this ongoing story that we are all a part of. Euro-Americans have been the dominant society for a long time. The Indian dead has been looted and put to the test, while their oral traditions have been discredited through archeology. This ethical dilemma is viewed as non-renewable archeological resources, while denying equal protection under the law. Archeologists may benefit from the reburial actions of cultural presentation by bring the motion to their static view, while Indians may also find traditions that were left untold. Can there be a successful bridge to fill the gaps of both traditions order to preserve history and respect ancestors? Anthropology

Shopping Rapturous or Torturous

Shopping Rapturous or Torturous Introduction The aim of this paper is to establish whether shopping is delightful or a torturous undertaking. Shopping has become a culture and commodities have turned many people into consumers. Fiske (1989, p. 13) claims that shopping places have become like worshiping places and the goods have become objects of worship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping: Rapturous or Torturous specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through advertising, promotions and many other techniques used by many shopping centers, people become consumers with great appetite for shopping. Shopping has become a rapturous experience to many people but to others it’s a torture. Although shopping can be torturous in many ways, people have a responsibility of avoiding torturous situations and making the experience rapturous. Household Shopping Household shopping consists in sourcing for a variety of items used in the house or by family. Clo the shopping is one example and has become a common practice to many people. It can get torturous in many ways. One reason is that for clothes one must fit to make sure the clothes look good on him/her. Sometimes a shopper doesn’t find the exact type of clothe he/she wants and when he/she finds one that she wants, in many occasions, the clothe will not fit. It makes this type of shopping torturous because the shopper gets tired running up and down looking for what he/she exactly wants. Another type of household shopping is grocery shopping. This is a very exciting and rapturous practice. It is rapturous mostly when one goes with his/her family and one gets to choose what he/she wants. Factors that Affect Shopping Experience One of the factors that make shopping delightful or a nightmare is availability of parking space. There are many occasions especially during holidays, when everyone is shopping; this makes it hard for one to find appropriate parking. The culture of shoppin g, especially during holidays, has continued to greatly dominate individual lives and the contemporary society at large (Edwards, 2000, p. 34). The time one has for shopping affects how he/she does the shopping. If one has limited time, he/she will tend to rush. On the other hand if one sets enough time to do the shopping, he/she will do it leisurely and enjoy the shopping experience. It becomes torturous when one has no time to shop and has to rush through. Many people have no time for shopping and this is what makes them consider shopping torturous.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the kind of service one receives from shopping stores makes shopping experience torturous or rapturous. It becomes an exciting experience when one visits a store that offers friendly and pleasant shopping experiences. This promotes a good atmosphere which makes shopping fun an d enjoyable. Its good to visit a store that offers good customer services in order to avoid the stress of shopping. These customer services include customer attendants who assist customers find an item they have problem locating (Krafft Mantrala, 2008, p. 21). On the other hand if the customer care is poor then no one can enjoy shopping. Conclusion In conclusion, shopping experience is generally supposed to be a rapturous experience. In order to avoid being tortured by it, we have to make sure we have enough time and money for shopping. Moreover, shopping from stores that offer good quality products and enhanced customer services are critical to enjoying shopping. If one has to shop from a far place, then he/she should make sure there is a means of transport available. Consumers have control over their shopping experiences and they shouldn’t let it be a torturous experience. References Edwards, T., 2000, Contradictions of Consumption: Concepts, Practices, and Politics in Con sumer Society, Open University Press, Berkshire Fiske, J., 1989, Reading the Popular, Routledge, New York Krafft, M., Mantrala, M., K., 2008, Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends, Springer, New York

Positive Psychology, discuss its merits and weaknesses in terms of Article

Positive Psychology, discuss its merits and weaknesses in terms of it's viability as a realistic model of intervention within psychological practice - Article Example Selingman & Peterson (2000) advise, â€Å"By embracing the disease model of psychotherapy, we have lost our birthright as psychologists-a birthright that embraces both healing what is weak and nurturing what is strong.† The realization that Psychology has had more emphasis on the negative than on more positive topics like the character-building; happiness; implications of a pleasant childhood; well-being; achievement, etc has paved the way for the emergence of Positive Psychology. Martin Selingman, its founder and advocate, and his fellow optimistic minions have devoted much research in this area of Psychology that is becoming a science of its own. â€Å"Positive psychology is the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions.† (Gable & Haidt, 2005) It â€Å"focuses on cultivating personality strengths and honing an optimistic approach to life rather than on cataloging human frailty and disease.† (Lawson, 2004). â€Å"Positive Psychology has three central concerns: positive emotions, positive individual traits and positive institutions† (www.positivepsychology.org website). It offers a brighter view of reality and encourages and empowers people to take more proactive steps in maximizing their strengths when life throws them problems. Pioneers and supporters of the science of Positive Psychology have been thought of as being extremely idealistic in their views. Their belief in the intrinsic goodness of people and attainment of a happy life in a world of dread and disease has resulted in accusations that they fail to recognize the very real negative sides of life. However, it is to be reiterated that the goals of Positive Psychology is not to erase or supplant work on pathology, distress, and dysfunction but to build up human resilience, strength and growth to integrate and

Pro's and Con's of Telework from the Employers Perspective Research Paper

Pro's and Con's of Telework from the Employers Perspective - Research Paper Example Teleworking is an instrument that can alter the organization’s competencies (Illegems & Verbeke, 2004). Teleworking has multifaceted implications for the individual, for the organization as well as for the society. This paper evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of teleworking from an employer’s perspective. Lim and Teo (2000) define teleworking as a work arrangement where employees can work out of home during or outside office hours. Teleworking has also been defined as â€Å"Periodic work out of the principal office, one or more days per week either at home, a client’s site, or in a telework center (Nilles, 1998 cited in Hill, Ferris & Martinson, 2003). It involves working through different satellite offices or other remote locations away from the company office (Golden, 2006). Contact is maintained through different office equipments powered by communication and information technologies such as through computer modems, facsimiles and electronic and voic e mail systems. This is the reason that teleworking is more prevalent in countries that have more use of electronic communication. Teleworking is done part-time from home or other remote locations and this results in best output as it can prevent social isolation of the workers (Perez, Sanchez, & Carnicer, 2003). ... The IT industry has a high employee turnover rate globally. Frequent displacement of employees affects the morale of those who remain in the organization. Teleworking can be beneficial to the organization if the employees have a positive attitude towards it. The potential advantages include reduction in office space requirement, capital savings for the organization, and possibility of retention of scarce skills and talents in the organization (Lim & Teo, 2000). All of these in turn could boost the morale of the remaining employees. However, it is important that the employees have a favorable attitude towards teleworking. This has also been found in the case of Spanish firms where the organization can benefit only if the employees are involved in design and programming their own tasks (Perez, Sanchez, & Carnicer, 2003). If employees focus on self-management skills and are able to organize their schedules, set priorities, meet deadlines and asses their own performance, teleworking can be beneficial in Spain. This is because the HR managers are not familiar with technology and its implications. However, the same may not work in the UK as it requires shift in management culture (Perez, Sanchez, & Carnicer, 2003). To encourage teleworking initiative and adoption, an innovative culture is essential to foster and stimulate change as this makes adoption easier. Teleworking provides the organization to improve the way they manage their working activities in all areas of the value steam. To beat the talent war and scarcity of skills, offering such flexible working system enables the organization to offer something beyond the remuneration â€Å"deals† (Morgan, 2004). Telework helps to attract, motivate and retain

Analysis paper - social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis paper - social media - Essay Example networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Instagram and other social platforms have been found to be the major causes of loneliness among many people all over the world. This paper is a critical analysis of Stephen Marche’s argument that the use of Facebook tends to promote people’s preference for loneliness through solitude and isolation. In achieving this, I have discussed the contributions of Facebook on personal loneliness among various groups of people across the world. Among the key social networking sites commonly used today, Facebook, takes the largest share of online users compared to other social networking sites aforementioned. It is common to find people of different ages, academic levels, and social status deeply glued on Facebook, chatting, posting, writing comments on other friends’ posts or doing the mere liking of posts and comments made by their acquaintances. Lecturers have complained of deteriorating performances in their subjects even by their favorite students due to the influence of technology (specifically social networks). Besides, affecting their performances in various courses, fondness with social networking sites has increasingly isolated friendship ties between various students and their close allies. Solitude is not a recent phenomenon in the society. The feeling has long been in existence since the advent of humanity. The perception and causes of solitude are, however, its most common determinant. Different from the traditional forms and causes of solitude, the current causes are self-inflicted other than natural. The natural conditions of solitude are seamlessly endurable since they were somehow beyond the reach of the victims. The need to express oneself as a move to defend ego and register high sensation among peers and friends keeps most Facebook users glued to their social sites trying to compose and post suitable posts and comments that would resonate appropriately with their acquaintances. The

Control system for microgrid

Control system for microgrid Abstract In this study an example of a microgrid composed of diesel generator and two uninterruptable power supply systems is considered. This microgrid installed in the three buildings of the Tallinn University of Technology. This paper deals with how to implement a distributed control and monitoring system based on the Ethernet network in the microgrid. The paper describes a control strategy to implement both grid connected and islanded operation modes of the microgrid. Keywords Control system, diesel generator, microgrid Introduction Distributed generation (DG) is becoming an increasingly attractive approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to improve power system efficiency and reliability, and to relieve todays stress on power transmission and distribution infrastructure [1]. Distributed generation encompasses a wide range of prime mover technologies, such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells and windpower [32]. A better way to realize the emerging potential of DG is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a microgrid [21]. Microgrid is a concept of defining the operation of distributed generation, in which different microsources operate as s single controllable system that provides power and heat to a cluster of loads in the local area [3], [8] [9]. A well designed microgrid should appear as an independent power system meeting the power quality and reliability requirements [3]. The primary goal of microgrid architectures is to significantly improve energy production and delivery to load customers, while facilitating a more stable electrical infrastructure with a measurable reduction in environmental emissions [10]. The most positive features of microgrids are the relatively short distances between generation and loads and low generation and distribution voltage level. The main function of a microgrid is to ensure stable operation during faults and various network disturbances. The microgrid is a promising concept in several fronts because it [18]: provides means to modernize todays power grids by making it more reliable, secure, efficient, and de-centralized; provides systematic approaches to utilize diverse and distributed energy sources for distributed generation; provides uninterruptible power supply functions; minimizes emissions and system losses. Despite many advantages of microgrid there remain many technical challenges and difficulties in this new power industry area. One of them is the design, acceptance, and availability of low-cost technologies for installing and using microgrids [4]. The increased deployment of power electronic devices in alternative energy sources within microgrids requires effective monitoring and control systems for safe and stable operation while achieving optimal utilization of different energy sources [35]. Microgeneration suffers from lack of experience, regulations and norms. Because of specific characteristics of microgrids, such as high implication of control components, large number of microsources with power electronic interfaces remains many difficulties in controlling of microgrids. Realization of complicated controlling processes in microgrids requires specific communication infrastructure and protocols. During the process of microgrid organization many questions concerning the protection and safety aspects emerge. Also, it is required to organize free access to the network and efficient allocation of network costs. The predominant existing distributed generation is based on an internal combustion engine driving an electric generator [36]. To investigate various aspects of integration of alternative energy sources such as conventional engine generators, this paper proposes a prototype of the microgrid for three academic buildings at the Tallinn University of Technology which consists of a diesel generator, and batteries storage with power electronic interface. The main goal of this work is to design an intelligent control system of the microgrid that is efficient enough to manage itself for power balance by making use of state of the art communication technology. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to describe the control strategy of the microgrid operation in both stagy state modes. This control system enables the microgrid system to balance the electric power demand and supply and to simultaneously control the state of power network. Microgrid Theoretical Background A microgrid is described as a small (several MW or less in scale) power system with three primary components: distributed generators with optional storage capacity, autonomous load centers, and system capability to operate interconnected with or islanded from the larger utility electrical grid [10], [11]-[13]. According to [39], [22], multiple facility microgrids span multiple buildings or structures, with loads typically ranging between 2MW and 5MW. Examples include campuses (medical, academic, municipal, etc), military bases, industrial and commercial complexes, and building residential developments. Microgrids include several basic components for operation [3], [4]. An example of a microgrid with is illustrated in Fig.1. Distributed Generation Distributed generation units [1] are small sources of energy located at or near the point of use. There are two basic classes of microsources; one is a DC source (fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, etc.), the other is a high frequency AC source (microturbines, reciprocating engine generators, wind generators), which needs to be rectified. An AC microgrid can be a single-phase or a three-phase system. It can be connected to low voltage or medium voltage power distribution networks. Storage Devices Distributed storage technologies are used in microgrid applications where the generation and loads of the microgrid cannot be exactly matched. Distributed storage provides a bridge in meeting the power and energy requirements of the microgrid. Distributed storage enhances microgrid systems overall performance in three ways. First, it stabilizes and permits DG units to run at a constant and stable output, despite load fluctuations. Second, it provides the ride through capability when there are dynamic variations of primary energy (such as those of sun, wind, and hydropower sources). Third, it permits DG to seamlessly operate as a dispatchable unit. Moreover, energy storage can benefit power systems by damping peak surges in electricity demand, countering momentary power disturbances, providing outage ridethrough while backup generators respond, and reserving energy for future demand. There are several forms of energy storage, such as the batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels. Interconnection Switch The interconnection switch is the point of connection between the microgrid and the rest of the distribution system. New technologies in this area consolidate the various power and switching functions (power switching, protective relaying, metering, and communications) traditionally provided by relays, hardware, and other components at the utility interface into a single system with a digital signal processor. The interconnection switches are designed to meet grid interconnection standards. Control System The control system of a microgrid is designed to safely operate the system in grid-parallel and stand-alone modes. This system may be based on a central controller or imbedded as autonomous parts of each distributed generator. When the utility is disconnected, the control system must control the local voltage and frequency, provide (or absorb) the instantaneous real power difference between generation and loads, provide the difference between generated reactive power and the actual reactive power consumed by the load, and protect the internal microgrid. Structure of the Proposed Microgrid The microgrid installed in three buildings of the Tallinn University of Technology (TUT): Faculty of Power Engineering, TUT Library, School of Economics and Business Administration. Consequently, according to the classification given in [22], this power system can be defined as a multiple facility microgrid. Fig.2 illustrates the various components of the power system of the microgrid at TUT. The structure of the microgtid for the campuses of the TUT is proposed. Fig.3 shows a schematic of the power system. Microgrid systems targeted in this study are autonomous areas having the power demand of several kilowatts including a diesel generator, two uninterruptable power supply (UPS) systems with batteries storage, and loads. They are connected to the power electronic interface forming local AC network with 230V, 50Hz. The diesel generator is used as the main distributed energy resource in this microgrid. It has a nominal power of 176kW/220kVA, voltage of 240V/400V and maximum current of 318A. This generator is connected to the AC bus via the automatic relay logic (ARL2). The ARL2 is continuously observing it both sides: the main grid and the microgrid. If there is a fault in the general grid, the ARL2 will disconnect the microgrid, creating an energetic island. The battery banks (E1 and E2) are used as the distributed energy storage devices in the microgrid to insure continuous supply of the local load. They are interfaced to the electrical network through the two UPS systems: UPS1 (160kVA), and UPS2 (240kVA). Hence, we can conclude that the microgrid has two main possible operation modes: grid-connected and islanded mode. Main customers of the microgrid are the computers and servers located in the laboratories and office rooms in the three buildings of TUT. The clients in the Library Building (computers) are interfaced to the electrical network using ARL1. In addition, four experimental loads (Experimental loads 1..4) are used that can be connected to the distributed shield located in the Laboratory of Electrical Drives. The nine intelligent sensors (P1..P9) assign these loads. Their task is to measure electrical power and energy parameters of the network, such as voltage, current, power, energy, power factor and transmit this information to the controller. The microgrid is connected to the general city electricity grid using two two-section transformer substations (6000kV/400kV) located in the Faculty of Power Engineering and the School of Economics and Business Administration Buildings. Description of the Control System Taking into account the configuration and features of the power network of the Tallinn University of Technology, the control system structure for the microgrid is designed with the following specifications: the balance of electric power demand and supply of power network are provided; both the steady state modes and the transient performance of the microgrid are achieved. A block diagram of the hierarchical control system which is based on the multiagent technology [40], [41], is demonstrated in Fig.4. The design of the control system can be divided into hardware and software. The control structure of the microgrid has three levels: Operator console and application server; Central controller (CC); Local controllers (LC) and measuring devices. Operator console is a computerized workstation with special software which comprises of supply and demand calculation units, monitoring units, control schemes and dispatching units. The function block diagram of the software is shown in Fig.5. The operator console heads the hierarchical control system. Its main goals of are: to keep track of the whole system by monitoring the status of the communication nodes and generating units; to collect data from the measuring devices; to calculate supply and demand of power; to visualize information received; to display the basic modes of the microgrid; and to transfer control commands to the central controller. Application server is designed for archiving data received from the measuring devices. The main interface between the operator console and others communication nodes of the microgrid control system is the central controller. It is the main responsible for the management of the microgrid. for the optimization of the microgrid operation. The central controller operates in real time. Its main functions are: connection and disconnection of the microgrid, the synchronization process, the detachment of loads. In addition, the aims of the central controller are: to collect information from the measuring devices; to transfer data from the operator console and the application server; to manage the power supply switches; and to transmit the control commands to the local controllers. Group of the local controllers are related to the third hierarchical control level. They include microsource controller that located in the distributed resources of the microgrid. It manages active and reactive power production levels at the diesel generator. Moreover, the microsource controller is responsible for the maintaining desired steady-state and dynamic performance of the power network. The other local controllers are located in the two UPS systems. Their main goals are to provide management of charge of the batteries storage. Measuring process Information required by the proposed monitoring and control system is voltage, current, power, energy, and power factor measurements. Real-time information is acquired through the intelligent measuring devices located at the output of the energy source, at the input of each loads, and at the both UPS systems. In this system, Allen-Bradley Powermonitor 3000 [25] is used to measure these instantaneous values. It implements real-time power monitoring with 50 ms selectable update rate. Such operating information is displayed in real-time for monitoring and energy management purposes. Communication network A communication infrastructure is needed between the central controller and the local controllers [23]. The short geographical span of the microgrid may aid establishing a communication infrastructure using low-cost communications. The adoption of standard protocols and open technologies allows designing and developing modular solutions using off-the-shelf, low-cost, widely available, and fully supported hardware and software components. At the present time, many low cost microcontrollers include at least an Ethernet controller, standalone cheap controllers are also available. The main advantages of using Ethernet are: the transition from a centralized control to a distributed control; wiring reduction no need for point to point connections. This solution provides flexibility and scalability for low-cost implementations. Taking these into account, the Ethernet industrial protocol has been chosen in this microgrid as communication network for data transfer for all those control units. The amount of data to be exchanged between network controllers includes mainly messages containing set-points to LC, information requests sent by the MGCC to LC about active and reactive powers, and voltage levels and messages to control microgrid switches. The LC is responsible of collecting local information from the attached energy resource and takes some real-time decisions based on the control algorithm. The communication network of the control system is illustrated in Fig.6. Every communication node has to get registered to the master server. The node sends its information to the master server through diverse communication channel. Furthermore, this topology provides an opportunity for immediate control center access via remote consoles and web based laptops for necessary actions to be taken. To include new generation resources or storage devices in a flexible manner into the microgrid, multi-agent technologies [40] might be applied. The proposed hierarchical control scheme provides a flexible platform to make high level decisions. Control Strategy of Operation of the Microgrid A microgrid may operate either connected to the main grid or disconnected from it. There are two steady states of operation, grid-connected (Mode-G) and islanded (Mode-I). Furthermore, there are two transient modes of operation, transfer from Mode-G to Mode-I and transfer from Mode-I to Mode-G. The key issue of the control is how to maintain the voltage and frequency stability of the microgrid [20]. Grid-connected mode In the grid-connected operation mode, the main function of a DG unit is to control the output real and reactive power. The real and reactive power generated by a DG can be controlled through current or voltage regulation, thus the DG output power control schemes can be generally categorized as current-based and voltage-based power flow control [43]. During Mode-G operation, the voltage and frequency of the microgrid is set by the main grid. The aim of the uninterruptible power supply systems is to obtain energy backup as much as possible, so during Mode-G operation, the main grid, the microgrid or both of them, will charge the batteries [20]. In grid-connected mode the balance between the generation and the consumption as well as the control of the parameters of the system is guaranteed by the utility grid. Thus, generators are regulated with the criterion of optimized economic exploitation of the installation [23]. Concerning the programmable generator, the objective of the control is to optimize the microgrid performance. Islanded mode The MG operates autonomously, in a similar way to physical islands, when the disconnection from the main grid occurs [37]. When the grid is not present, the ARL2 disconnects the microgrid from the grid, starting the autonomous operation. The instant at which the intentional islanding occurs must be detected in order to the inverter changes between grid-connected to intentional island modes. The detection is achieved using an algorithm described in [23]. When the main distribution network is faulted, the fault current will flow into the main grid from the microgrid continuously. At the same time, the circuit breaker of microgrid should detect the frequency and voltage-drop, and open in time, which makes the microgrid disconnect automatically from the main grid and change to islanded operation mode. Diesel generator should adopt the reasonable control strategies to ensure the stability of frequency and voltage in microgrid [42]. While switched from Mode-G to Mode-I, the UPS system operates in voltage control mode, is setting the voltage and frequency of the microgrid through absorbing or releasing energy. In islanded mode, due to the unavailability of the utility grid, two requirements must be fulfilled: the power balance between the generation and the consumption and the control of the main parameters of the installation (voltage amplitude and frequency). In synchronous islanded mode this reference is the same as the grid voltage. This mode is also called synchronization mode and it is the mode that necessarily precedes a reconnection with the grid. The control system is responsible for assuring the power balance. In case of energy excess the management system can limit the output power of the diesel generators power in order to avoid the operation in extremely inefficient low power generation modes. On the contrary, if all the available power is not enough to feed the local loads, the management system will detach non-critical loads. The control system is voltage controlled and it regulates the main parameters of the system. The UPS systems sets the voltage and frequency of the islanded microgrid and maintains them within acceptable limits by injecting or absorbing active power and reactive power as required. As soon as the presence of mains is detected, the microgrid control system uses feedback information from the mains voltage to adjust the energy storage unit voltage and frequency control loops to synchronize the microgrid voltage with the main voltage of the main grid. Transition from Grid-Connected to Islanded Mode There are various islanding detection methods proposed for DG systems [44]. As mentioned above, there is a different control strategy when the laboratory-scale microgrid system operates in Mode-G or Mode-I. If there is a transition between these two modes, the control mode of the battery inverter will change. A switching circuit, as shown in Fig.7, is designed to realize this transition [20]. A load-voltage control strategy proposed by [23] is employed to provide the operation of the microgrid. Disconnection of the microgrid from the grid can be provoked by many causes, like unsatisfactory grid voltage (in terms of amplitude or waveform) or even economic aspects related to power price. In order to monitor grid voltage characteristics a Voltage monitoring module is required. This module measures continuously the rms grid voltage comparing it with a preestablished threshold value. When any of the phase voltages goes down the threshold value (0.9 pu in this case) the detection signal is activated. If 20 ms after the first detection this signal is still activated the microgrid must be disconnected from the utility grid and it must pass to islanded operation mode, otherwise the microgrid will remain connected to the utility grid. This way unnecessary islandings are avoided and selectivity is respected. A 20 ms time window has been chosen after verifying through experimental tests and standards [47] that a personal computer (which is considered as the most critical residential lo ad in this microgrid) is not affected by a 20 ms voltage interruption. As soon as the microgrid is disconnected from the grid, the programmable generator controller passes from a power control mode to a voltage control mode. Microgrid power consumption is also continuously measured in order to detach non-critical loads if there is no enough local available power. In addition if consumption or generation conditions are modified and it becomes possible to feed all the local loads, non-critical loads will be reconnected. Transition from Islanded to Grid-Connected Mode When the grid-disconnection cause disappears, the transition from islanded to grid-connected mode can be started. To avoid hard transients in the reconnection, the diesel generator has to be synchronized with the grid voltage [23]. The DG is operated in synchronous island mode until both systems are synchronized. Once the voltage in the DG is synchronized with the utility voltage, the DG is reconnected to the grid and the controller will pass from voltage control mode to current control mode. When the microgrid is working in islanded mode, and the ARL2 detects that the voltage outside the microgrid (in the grid) is stable and fault-free, we have to resynchronize the microgrid to the frequency, amplitude and phase of the grid, in order to reconnect seamlessly the microgrid. If the grid-disconnection cause disappears and the gridvoltage fulfills the desired requirements, the transition from islanded to grid-connected mode can be started. The grid voltage conditions will be again monitored by the Voltage monitoring module. This way if the grid voltage exceeds the threshold value the detection signal is deactivated. If 20 ms after the first detection the detection signal is still deactivated it means that utility grid has returned back to normal operating conditions and the microgrid can reconnect to the grid. However, before the reconnection, the microgrid has to be synchronized with the grid voltage in order to avoid hard transients in the reconnection. To do so, the microgrid operates in synchronous islanded mode during 100 ms with the aim of decoupling the reference variation and the physical grid reconnection transients. In this operating mode the voltage in the microgrid is set to the characteristics of the grid voltage, frequency and phase. Once the voltage in the microgrid is synchronized with the utility voltage the microgrid can be reconnected to the grid and the programmable generator controller will pass from a voltage control mode to a power control mode. In the same way if non-critical loads are detached they are also reconnected. In the presence of unplanned events like faults, microgrid separation from the MV network must occur as fast as possible. However, the switching transient will have great impact on microgrid dynamics. The microgrid functionalities as well as its control methods depend on the mode of operation [23]: Islanding of the MG can take place by unplanned events like faults in the MVnetwork or by planned actions like maintenance requirements. In this case, the local generation profile of theMG can be modified in order to reduce the imbalance between local load and generation and reduce the disconnection transient [48]. Conclusions In this paper the microgrid system installed at the Tallinn University of Technology, has been presented. The microgrid includes a diesel generator, batteries storage with power electronic interface. The architecture of the microgrid for the Tallinn University of Technology and a control system structure for the microgrid were proposed. Design of a control and monitoring system for a microgrid is presented in this paper. A hierarchical control scheme is proposed. This will enhance the reliability and stability of the microgrid on one end and will make microgrid an easy to use product on the other. Acknowledgement This paper was supported by the Project DAR8130 Doctoral School of Energy and Geotechnology II. References A.M.Borbely,J.F.Krieder, Distributed generation: the power paradigm for the new millennium, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2001, 388p. 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A.Mehrizini-Sani,R.Iravani, Secondary Control for Microgrids Using Potential Functions: Modeling Issues, Conference on Power Systems (CIGRECanada2009), Toronto, Canada, 2009, pp.1-9. A.Mohamed, Microgrid modeling and online management, PhD thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, 2008, 169p. D.Yubing,G.Yulei,L.Qingmin,W.Hui, Modelling and Simulation of the Microsources Within a Microgrid, Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2008), Jinan, China, 2008, pp.2667-2671. C.M.Colson,M.H.Nehrir, A Review of Challenges to Real-Time Power Management of Microgrids, IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting, Calgary, Canada, 2009, pp.1-8. C.M.Colson,M.H.Nehrir,C.Wang, Ant Colony Optimization for Microgrid Multi-Objective Power Management, IEEE Power Energy Society Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 2009, pp.1-7. 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P.Piagi,R.H.Lasseter, Autonomous Control of Microgrids, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, Canada, 2006, pp.1-8. F.Z.Peng,Y.W.Li,L.M.Tolbert, Control and Protection of Power Electronics Interfaced Distributed Generation Systems in a Customer-Driven Microgrid, IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM 2009), Calgary, Canada, 2009, pp.1-8. R.H.Lasseter,P.Piagi, Microgrid: A Conceptual Solution, IEEE 35th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC2004), vol.6, Aachen, Germany, 2004, pp.4285-4290. Y.Che,Z.Yang,K.W.EricCheng, Construction, Operation and Control of a Laboratory-Scale Microgrid, 3rd International Conference Power Electronics Systems and Applications, (PESA2009), 2009, pp.1-5. R.Lasseter,A.Akhil,C.Marnay,J.Stephens,J.Dagle,R.Guttromson,A.S.Meliopoulous,R.Yinger,J.Eto, The CERTS MicroGrid Concept, CEC Consultant Report P500-03-089F. Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission, 2003, 32p. 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Essays --

Luke Born Professor John Mazza Technology and Society 30 January 2014 1.TOOTHPASTE Toothpaste was invented sometime near 5000 B.C. By the Egyptians. Back then it was a powder like substance It was later redeveloped by the Greek and Romans. Later the Persians improved on the formulas that the Greek and Romans had created. In the 18th century British doctors,dentists,and chemists introduced a tooth powder called dentifrice. I personally think that this is a good and important invention because without this there would be many problems. Starting with many tooth related problems such as cavities and tooth decay. Lets take a moment to see how far toothpaste has came. It started such a long time ago back when it was made from brick dust and crushed china to where now there is so many different types of toothpaste, for example: Tooth whitening , flavored, medicated, fluoride, and childrens. 2. CRAYONS In 1644 Crayons were invented by the europeans. They were orgianally created with charcol and oil. Today crayons are created wit ha mixture of wax and colored dyes. Crayola, proboly the biggest manufacturee of crayons orgianally created their crayons in 1902 but did not realese them to the public until 1903. Today you can go into almost any classroom and find a pack of crayola crayons. Throughout th e years there has been many different types of crayons. They have made washablle crayons,neon creayons, and even multi-colored crayons. 3..TELEPHONE The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell.†Mr. Bell invented the telephone by accident when he was trying to invent a device that could send more than one telegram at the same time.†2 Before this people would have to send telegraphs, wich where meseges that where sent in... ...le,26 Sep. 2012. 30 Jan. 2014.4 Connelly, Thomas.†History of toothpaste.† Toohpaste. 2 Sep. 2010. 30 Jan. 2014 5 â€Å"The History of Crayons.† CrayonCollecting. 30 Jan. 2014. 6 Crayola. "Who Invented the Crayon?" Crayola.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. 7 "The Wright Brothers - First Flight, 1903", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2003). 30 Jan. 2014.8 "BAND-AID ® Brand Heritage." Brand Heritage. N.p., 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.9 "Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile | Peter Carl Goldmark." Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile | Peter Carl Goldmark. N.p., 2007. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.10 "The Story of Color Television." The Story of Color Television. PrincetonInfo.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. 11 "The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb." Introduction. Atomic Archive, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. 12

Quantitative Research Design Essay

Business research is, arguably, founded on the study of social interactions within the realm of commerce and trade. Until recently, such research has seen staunch counter-position of two research paradigms: quantitative and qualitative, the first deriving from positivism, the latter from interventionism. Indeed, the positions taken by individual researchers vary considerably between those like Bryman (1988) who argues for a â€Å"best of both worlds† approach by suggesting that qualitative and quantitative approaches be combined to those of scholars like Hughes (1997) whom counteracts by stating that such technicist solutions underestimate the politics of legitimacy that are associated with the choice of methods. It is the purpose of this essay to analyze these two research frameworks highlighting the positive aspects as well as the flaws and limits, and highlighting the rise of what is often referred to as the â€Å"mixed† method. All of this will be seen within a business contest. Specifically, looking at the author’s proposed future research in the realm of commercial negotiations, the arguments presented will reflect this sphere of research. Quantitative and qualitative research are based on different philosophical approaches and methodologies. Quantitative research derives from neo-positivist philosophy which underlines the belief in the presence of an absolute truth as its core foundation. This perspective of seeing the world translates in the utilization of research approaches founded on scientific analysis through statistical elaborations and mathematical models. The qualitative approach by contrast, does not highlight the presence of absolute truths but rather truths which are dependent on the particular perspective from which a phenomenon is observed through. This off-course entails that qualitative research is undertaken primarily through the adoption of narrative and logical deduction. These differences appear encapsulated in Best & Khan’s (1989: 90-90) statement: â€Å"Quantitative research consists of those studies in which the data concerned can be analysed in terms of numbers†¦Research can also be quantitative, that is, it can describe events, persons and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data†¦Quantitative research is more open and responsive to its subject. † From a first glance, it appears clear that there are substantial differences between the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Indeed, the way data is obtained, the flexibility in methodological application, the objective and subjective nature of the results obtained, are just a few of the most evident points of contrast. Such contracts has resulted in what has been defined as the â€Å"paradigm wars† which has highlighted and emphasized the incompatibility of the two approaches. For a protracted period of time the quantitative approach has been seen the best form of research for two main sets of reason. Firstly, scientific progress in the last century has projected the notion of the scientific approach as the most apt for explaining the world around us. Secondly, the advent of the â€Å"information age† from the 1980’s has seen the ability of elaborating a vast amount of data electronically thus further promoting the scientific approach as the best method to adopt for research. Recently however, the divide between the quantitative and qualitative has diminished to the point of many scholars advocating a debate on the merits of a mixed research methodology utilizing the strengths of both schools of thought. Indeed, the quest for obtaining the best possible research result has seen a reconceptualization of research methods with an integration of the two main philosophies which may be used to converge and convalidate (defined as â€Å"triangulation†), refute data or indeed inform new paths of enquiry. Indeed, research papers today often contain statistical data derived from the quantitative methodology which is then presented and formulated in interviews which put the data into the â€Å"real-world† perspective. The integration of the two approaches also makes sense when one starts to look at the commonalities between them. Indeed, both approaches share the following characteristics: -Research project design -Identification of information -Information management -Analysis of data -Empirical observations There are many other characteristics which instead differentiate quantitative and qualitative research, but a growing group of scholars are now perceiving these differences as positive in that they may reinforce rather than detract from each other. This is often referred to as â€Å"triangulation† and I believe this to be of paramount importance within the context of business research. Indeed, just like the integrated approach, the business sphere also is a mixture and fusion of statistics, and â€Å"hard† financial data in conjunction with â€Å"softer† narrative explanations derived from interviews, and focus groups. Delving even more specifically into my proposed realm of research which centers around the commercial negotiation methodologies adopted in multicultural environments and frontier markets, the integrated approach is, in my opinion, the only approach capable of providing a true and accurate framework for developing such research. This claim is further upheld if one considers the eleven ways in which it is possible to combine qualitative and quantitative research methods: 1)Logic of triangulation in which the findings from one type of study can be checked against the findings from the other type as above highlighted; 2)Facilitation of qualitative research for quantitative research. In this instance the qualitative research informs the quantitative method by providing essential background information and a context; 3)Facilitation of quantitative research for qualitative research. In this occurrence quantitative research methodology helps to inform the qualitative one by providing a filter and narrowing down the subjects which merit further investigation. 4)Quantitative and qualitative approaches are combined into one thereby furnishing a more in-depth analysis. 5)Structure & process.

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives in India Essay

1. Company Background †¢ Coke – A sweet carbonated drink containing caramel and other flavoring components †¢ Invented in 1886 by Dr. J.S. Pemberton †¢ Contained extracts of Coca leaves and Kola nuts †¢ Business sold in 1888 to business men †¢ Candler acquired competitors and promoted Coca-Cola → Rapid sales increase since 1895 †¢ In 1894 J.A. Biedenharn invented selling the prepared drink in bottles 2. Company Background (continued)†¢ In 1919 a group of investors bought Coca Cola for around $25 million†¢ Robert Woodruff turned the company into what it is now:†¢ One of the worlds most recognized brands and a MNE with huge profits†¢ 1993, Coca Cola entered India through a strategic alliance with Parle Exports †¢ By now, it offers a portfolio of world class quality beverages, extending through over 400 brands 3. SWOT Analysis Strenghts†¢ Strong brand-name†¢ Global distribution system†¢ High-profile global presence†¢ Low cost of operation†¢ Broad-based bottling strategy†¢ High market share 4. SWOT Analysis Strenghts Weaknesses†¢ Strong brand-name †¢ Carbonates market is in decline†¢ Global distribution system †¢ Existing distribution system is less efficient for non-carbonates†¢ High-profile global presence †¢ Health care issues†¢ Low cost of operation†¢ Broad-based bottling strategy†¢ High market share 5. SWOT Analysis Strenghts Weaknesses †¢ Strong brand-name †¢ Carbonates market is in decline†¢ Global distribution system †¢ Existing distribution system is less efficient for non-carbonates†¢ High-profile global presence †¢ Health care issues†¢ Low cost of operation†¢ Broad-based bottling strategy†¢ High market shareOpportunities†¢ Expansion†¢ Use distribution strengths†¢ Large domestic market (India)†¢ Increasing average income in India 6. SWOT Analysis Strenghts Weaknesses†¢ Strong brand-name †¢ Carbonates market is in decline†¢ Global distribution system †¢ Existing distribution system is less efficient for non-carbonates†¢ High-profile global presence †¢ Health care issues†¢ Low cost of operation†¢ Broad-based bottling strategy†¢ High market share ThreatsOpportunities †¢ Competition from health drinks†¢ Expansion †¢ Competition from Pepsi†¢ Use distribution strengths †¢ Boycott in the Middle-East†¢ Large domestic market (India) †¢ Government regulations on Increasing average income in India production (license)†¢ 7. Coca-Cola India CSR Initiatives Focus on Environment Responsibility 8. WaterMethods†¢ Watershed Protection Community Watershed Partnership (CWP) (2005)†¢ Rainwater Harvesting Projects Kaladera plant in Rajasthan (2006) †¢ Educating Jal Tarang (a part of World Water Day) (2007) â€Å"Think Green, Go Green† Campaign (2007) Film (2007) 9. Water (continued)Achievements1. Reduced water consumption by 35% between 1999 to 20061. Reached zero water balance (2009)1. Returned all water in manufacturing processes (2010)2. Improved the livelihoods of Bottom of the Pyramid populations (BOP) (poor farmers) 10. WaterGoal: Reduce the emission of GHGs (especially HFCs and CO2) Methods 1. eKOfreshment Cooler Program (2000) 1. Converted old equipment to HFC-free fridges (2006) 2. Installed over 8500 units of HFC-free equipment (2007) 3. esKO Project (2007) 4. Enhanced energy efficiency 5. Developed Energy Management System (EMS) (2006) 11. Energy New Coke: Isdell wants to reduce Coca-Colas carbon footprint. – E. Neville Isdell, CEO 12. Energy (continued)Achievements 1. GHGs emission reduces by 75% (2006) 2. Reduced energy consumption by 640 million kilowatt-hours, which equals to 3 million metric tons 3. Increased the energy efficiency of equipment by 40 to 50% 13. FuelCoca-Cola had local operations for production, bottling, and delivery in each country of operation. Take Taiwan for example: SWIRE Coca-Cola Taiwan LTD. and its factories are in No.46, Singbang RD., Taoyuan County. 14. Packaging + Recycling †¢ Focus on 3R (Reduction, Recovery, Reuse) †¢ PET Recycling Project in Mumbai (2005) †¢ â€Å"Abhiyan – The Movement†, a film on PET recycling Methods †¢ e3 Program †¢ Redesigned trademarked bottles †¢ Invested millions of dollars on collecting and recovering packaging materials used for beverages 15. Packaging + Recycling (continued)Achievements 1. Raised the income of about 100 PET crusaders by 50% 1. Recycled nearly 80% of the PET waste (2006) 2. Redesigning of bottles saved 89000 metric tons of glass (2006) 3. Most of the packaging material was 100% recyclable 16. Depletion of Water Table Coca-Cola India depleted groundwater tables and overexploited the groundwater reserves, leaving the local communities with no access to drinking water and water for farming which was their primary source of income! 17. Depletion of Water Table (continued)Data collected by the government agency the Ground WaterBoard showed that groundwater level had dropped in the firsts even years of the company‟s operation. †¢ A sharp drop in groundwater levels in Mehdiganj near the city of Varanasi. †¢ Groundwater levels in Kala Dera have continued spiraling downwards. 18. Depletion of Water Table (continued) One report, in the daily newspaper Mathrubhumi, described local women having to travel five kilometers to obtain drinkable water, during which time soft drinks would come out of the Coca-Cola plant by the truckload. 19. Depletion of Water Table (continued) â€Å"Coca-Cola sucks India dry.† 20. Supplied Sludge to Farmersas Fertilizer Coca-Cola had seized land from farmers and discharged hazardous material and sludge in the areas surrounding its plants in India. In a â€Å"goodwill gesture†, Coca-Cola was distributing the solid waste from its bottling plants to farmers in the area as fertilizer!! 21. Supplied Sludge to Farmersas Fertilizer (continued) The Central Pollution Control Board of India found in 2003 that sludge from Coca-Cola‟s Uttar Pradesh factory in Mehdiganj was contaminated with high levels of cadmium (up to 86mg/kg), lead (up to 538mg/kg), and chromium (up to 134mg/kg), effectively making the solid waste toxic . 22. Supplied Sludge to Farmers as Fertilizer (continued)Cadmium is a Lead iscarcinogen particularly and can dangerous to children and the accumulate in results of the kidneys, exposure can be with repeated fatal. Even at low exposure levels it can possibly cause mentalcausing retardation and kidney failure. severe anaemia. 23. Supplied Sludge to Farmers as Fertilizer (continued)When confronted by BBC reporters†¦ â€Å"Its good for the farmers because most of them are poor.† Coca-Colas Vice-President 24. Supplied Sludge to Farmers as Fertilizer (continued)When confronted by BBC reporters†¦ â€Å"Its good for the farmers because most of them are poor.† The Coca-Cola company was ordered to stop the practice by the government Coca-Colas Vice-President authorities immediately. 25. Supplied Sludge to Farmers as Fertilizer (continued) The bottling facilities at Kala Dera also reported that the groundwater contained pesticides. 26. Liquid waste from the Coca-Cola bottling plant at Balia 27. Banner at >Coca-Cola Museum Major Protest Demands Coca-Cola Shut Down Plant March 31, 2008. 28. Coca-Cola India’s Response Coca-Cola India’s response to the allegations www.cokefacts.org 29. Coca-Cola India’s Response Coca-Cola India’s response to the allegations www.cokefacts.org Overexploitation of the groundwater reserves Study by National Geophysical Research Institute disapproved these allegations Decreased rainfall by 60% was the cause 30. Coca-Cola India’s Response Coca-Cola India’s response to the allegations www.cokefacts.org Overexploitation of the groundwater reserves Study by National Geophysical Research Institute disapproved these allegations Decreased rainfall by 60% was the cause Release of untreated water by the factory Wastewater management technology is among the most advanced in the world 31. Coca-Cola India’s Response Coca-Cola India’s response to the allegations www.cokefacts.org Overexploitation of the groundwater reserves Study by National Geophysical Research Institute disapproved these allegations Decreased rainfall by 60% was the cause Release of untreated water by the factory Wastewater management technology is among the most advanced in the world Supplied sludge to farmers as fertilizer Sludge is not harmful to the environment 32. AnalysisOf Coca-Cola India’s ResponseCoca Cola was attacked by different institutions 33. AnalysisOf Coca-Cola India’s ResponseCoca Cola was attacked by different institutions Coca Cola had to face image problems in the Indian and American market Consumers would lose trust in the company Loss of reputation as a socially responsible corporate citizen 34. AnalysisOf Coca-Cola India’s ResponseCoca Cola was attacked by different institutions Coca Cola had to face image problems in the Indian and American market Consumers would lose trust in the company Loss of reputation as a socially responsible corporate citizen Coca Cola’s plan: Attack credibility Refuting the allegations and calling them baseless Aggressively stressing their innocence hoping to resolve the issues 35. AnalysisOf Coca-Cola India’s ResponseCoca Cola was attacked by different institutions Coca Cola had to face image problems in the Indian and American market Consumers would lose trust in the company Loss of reputation as a socially responsible corporate citizen Coca Cola’s plan: Attack credibility Refuting the allegations and calling them baseless Aggressively stressing their innocence hoping to resolve the issues Problem: NGOs are very powerful! NGOs have higher credibility in the eyes of the general public 36. AnalysisOf Coca-Cola India’s ResponseCoca Cola was attacked by different institutions Coca Cola had to face image problems in the Indian and American market Consumers would lose trust in the company Loss of reputation as a socially responsible corporate citizen Coca Cola’s plan: Attack credibility Refuting the allegations and calling them baseless Aggressively stressing their innocence hoping to resolve the issues Problem: NGOs are very powerful! NGOs have higher credibility in the eyes of the general public Mistake Acting to fast by attacking and underestimating NGOs power 37. How Coca-Cola India should have respondedThinking and analyzing alternatives 38. How Coca-Cola India should have respondedThinking and analyzing alternatives Alternative 1: Collaboration instead of attack Coca Cola should have collaborated with the NGOs 39. How Coca-Cola India should have respondedThinking and analyzing alternatives Alternative 1: Collaboration instead of attack Coca Cola should have collaborated with the NGOs Alternative 2: Ignore Ignore the allegations and wait till the buzz goes away 40. How Coca-Cola India should have respondedThinking and analyzing alternatives Alternative 1: Collaboration instead of attack Coca Cola should have collaborated with the NGOs Alternative 2: Ignore Ignore the allegations and wait till the buzz goes away Alternative 3: PR Campaign A PR campaign that informs the American public about Coca Cola‟s efforts as responsible corporate citizen 41. How Coca-Cola India should have respondedThinking and analyzing alternatives Alternative 1: Collaboration instead of attack Coca Cola should have collaborated with the NGOs Alternative 2: Ignore Ignore the allegations and wait till the buzz goes away Alternative 3: PR Campaign A PR campaign that informs the American public about Coca Cola‟s efforts as responsible corporate citizen 42. The Plan Solution: Collaboration with NGO and PR Campaign Goal Regain trust and loyalty of customerCapabilities needed > Coca Cola and NGO have to collaborateActions > NGO has to correct their mistakes publicly > NGO has to issue an apology to Coca Cola 43. The Plan Solution: Collaboration with NGO and PR Campaign Goal Rebuild and repair Goal the Coca Cola Regain trust brand name and loyalty of customer Capabilities needed > A PR team which will planCapabilities needed and lead the campaign > Coca Cola and NGO have to collaborate Actions > Organize promotional activitiesActions (including charity work) > NGO has to correct their mistakes publicly > Hand out free drinks, coupons, vouchers at public events > NGO has to issue an apology to > Broadcast TV advertisements which Coca Cola show the good side of the company 44. The Plan Solution: Collaboration with NGO and PR Campaign Goal Rebuild and repair Goal the Coca Cola Regain trust brand name and loyalty of customer Capabilities needed > A PR team which will planCapabilities needed and lead the campaign > Coca Cola and NGO have to collaborate Actions > Organize promotional activitiesActions (including charity work) > NGO has to correct their mistakes publicly > Hand out free drinks, coupons, vouchers at public events > NGO has to issue an apology to > Broadcast TV advertisements which Coca Cola show the good side of the company 45. What is Greenwashing? â€Å"Coca-Cola attempts to manufacture a green image of itself that it clearly is not, as their practice in India shows. We call this „Greenwashing.‟ † – Amit Srivastava 46. Examples of Greenwashing †¢ In 2009, European McDonald’s changed the color of their logos from yellow and red to yellow and green to demonstrate its concern for â€Å"being green.† 47. Examples of Greenwashing †¢ In 2009, European McDonald’s changed the color of their logos from yellow and red to yellow and green to demonstrate its concern for â€Å"being green.† †¢ Comcast, a cable service company, has the slogan of â€Å"Paper LESS is MORE† but it uses large amounts of paper for direct marketing. 48. Examples of Greenwashing †¢ In 2009, European McDonald’s changed the color of their logos from yellow and red to yellow and green to demonstrate its concern for â€Å"being green.† †¢ Comcast, a cable service company, has the slogan of â€Å"Paper LESS is MORE† but it uses large amounts of paper for direct marketing. †¢ The Poland Spring’s bottles is touted as â€Å"A little natural does a lot of good†, although 80% of its beverage containers go to the landfill. 49. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ 50. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We have implemented many environmental protective initiatives since 2000! 51. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We have implemented many environmental Those are not enough protective initiatives even to make up for the since 2000! pollution you‟ve made in India! 52. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We voluntarily initiated The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI) to conduct a survey on ourselves! And the survey shows we‟re doing well! 53. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We voluntarily initiated The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI) to conduct a survey on ourselves! And the survey shows we‟re doing well! The reliability of the survey is questionable! 54. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We’ve invested US$20million for our water conservation project! 55. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ That‟s just 1 percent of We’ve invested Coca Cola‟s annual US$20million for our water advertising budget! conservation project! 56. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We’ve built a lot of rain harvesting sites since 2006 to recharge ground water! 57. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We’ve built a lot of rain harvesting sites since That‟s nothing special. Rain 2006 to recharge harvesting has already ground water! been a common practice in India. 58. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We’ve won many awards for our CSR(Corporation Social Responsibility) initiatives! 59. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?Coca Cola is not Greenwashing Coca Cola is Green washing because†¦ because†¦ We’ve won many awards for our CSR(Corporation Conferment of awards may Social Responsibility) not be objective. It can be initiatives! manipulated! 60. Is Coca Cola Greenwashing?2000 2007†¢ Coca-Cola India launched an eKOfreshment cooler that used Coca-Cola India launched a rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies to helped it curb its emission of GHGs initiative at Varanasi, expecting to recharge more than (greenhouse gases) 4,900 cubic meters of groundwater.2005 Coca-Cola India launched oa rainwater harvesting project†¢ Coca-Cola India initiated a PET recycling project in Mumbai. at Greater Kailash, in New Delhi, which aimed to recharge around 4 million liters of water every year.2006 Coca-Cola India establishment 10 rainwater harvesting †¢ In 2006, the company completed a rainwater recharge projects in different schools of Jamshedpur city. initiative at its Kaladera plant in Rajasthan. As part of the Coca Cola announced a three-year, US$ 20 million project, the company built around 110 recharge shafts that partnership with the World Wildlife Fund63 (WWF) on collected rainwater. water conservation†¢ Coca-Cola India called, ‘Abhiyan — The Movement’. The film Coca-Cola India organized a program, â€Å"Think Green, Go focused on the need for and significance of recycling PET Green† that focused on environment education. bottles. 2008 †¢ By the end of 2006, Coca-Cola India had established PET The Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd (Coca-Cola recycling projects at over 100 locations in India and built a India), was awarded the Golden Peacock award4 for capacity to collect and recycle nearly 80 percent of the waste Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for the several generated from the PET. community initiatives it had taken and its efforts toward†¢ Coca-Cola started an initiative called e3 to redesign its conservation of water. trademarked bottle, saving 89,000 metric tons of glass in 2006 at a global level. Most of the packaging material used by Coca- Cola India becomes 100 percent recyclable.†¢ Coco Cola developed an Energy Management System (EMS) that curbed energy consumption by 35 percent. †¢ Coca Cola launched an initiative called Project esKO, which aimed to reduce Coca-Cola’s carbon footprint at a global level by improving its driving and manufacturing operation to curb its carbon dioxide emissions by 10,000 metric tons every year. 61. ConclusionSo, is Coca Cola seriously doing something to fulfill its social responsibility? 62. ConclusionSo, is Coca Cola seriously doing something to fulfill its social responsibility? Yes, but not enough! 63. Summary †¢ Focus on Environmental Responsibilities †¢ Several initiatives concerning water, energy, fuel, and packaging and recycling †¢ Although, they attracted criticism †¢ Coca Cola responded to the critics Conclusion: Coca Cola is doing something to fulfill its social responsibility, but not enough! 64. Summary (continued)Obstructionist Defensive Accommodative Proactive approach approach approach approachLow social responsibility Social responsibility High social responsibility 65. Summary (continued)Obstructionist Defensive Accommodative Proactive approach approach approach approachLow social responsibility Social responsibility High social responsibility 66. Summary (continued)Obstructionist Defensive Accommodative Proactive approach approach approach approachLow social responsibility Social responsibility High social responsibility 67. Thank you for listening! Questions?

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Example

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Example Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay As a consequence of the 2011 public violences seen in the United Kingdom, Louise Casey ( 2012 ) was commissioned by the alliance authorities to compose a study entitled Listening to Troubled Families . This essay will review the study and see if authorities asceticism steps could impact in societal attention proviso and results for service users. It will discourse the narration of one household identified in the study whom require intercession and support in order to safeguard their kids ( Casey 2012 ) . It will give an lineation of the development and impact of statute law and policy counsel on societal work pattern for kids, households and carers. Furthermore it will see academic research and theories that inform societal work pattern when working with such households ; for case ; ecological theories, appraisal, life span theoretical accounts of development, professional power and fond regard theory. This essay will besides discourse the accomplishments necessary for modern-day so cietal work practicians to prosecute efficaciously with kids and households. It will reason that inter-professional, anti-oppressive, multi-professional and brooding pattern is paramount to successful results for households who require support from services. The term troubled households was foremost used by David Cameron ( Cameron, 2011 ) , and subsequently defined by the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) as families holding serious jobs and helter-skelter personal histories. Cameron ( 2012 ) intends to guarantee those identified in the study as troubled 120,000 households, turn their lives around . These households are characterised as ; holding no grownup in employment, kids who do non go to school and household members partaking in anti-social behavior and condemnable activities. By cut downing costs and bettering results, the consequences based funding strategy purposes to alter service bringing for households ( Cameron, 2011 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) , states that this policy docket is the latest Reconstruction of the underclass argument. Giddens ( 1973, cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2002 ) claims that Britain has an lower class of people who are disadvantaged on the labor market because they lack makings an d accomplishments, and may confront favoritism, bias and marginalization in society. The New Labour Government ( 1997-2010 ) linked disorderly behaviour to job households and focussed on single lacks instead than an recognition of structural restraints, for case ; the effects of poorness on household relationships and parenting ( Hill and Wright, 2003 ; Gillies, 2005, in Parr, 2009 ) . New Labour implemented Family Intervention Projects ( FIP ) that were framed from the Respect Action Plan in 2006. This was criticized by a parental and household support administration Parentline Plus ( 2006 ) , as menaces of penalties to parents would impact negatively on households, and parents could be less willing to seek support before they reached crisis ( BBC News, 2006 ) . Enterprises like Signpost, provided intensive degrees of support and apprehension of multidimensional complexnesss, consisting of effectual intercession for kids and households within their communities ( Dillane et al 2001, cited in Parr, 2009 ) . Featherstone ( 2006 ) maintains this enterprise was within the context of the societal investing province, promoting investing in human capital as opposed to direct economic proviso provided by the province in the signifier of public assistance payments. Postle, ( 2002 cited in Parr, 2009 ) argues that Signpost intercession was societal work at its best leting so cietal workers clip for effectual communicating and partnership working instead than the policing of households. Levitas ( 2012 ) argued against research methodological analysis used in the Casey Report ( 2012 ) and of the thought of multi-disadvantaged households being the beginning of society s ailments. Levitas ( 2012 ) claims ; that the figure of 120,000 was founded on informations from a secondary analysis of a Children and Families Report ( 2004 ) . Literature suggests the figure of 120,000 households is underestimated, the figure of multi-disadvantaged households is significantly greater ( Levitas, 2012 ; Hern, 2012 ) . The initial 2004 survey found no grounds to bespeak that the households were problem shapers as proposed but did happen that they were households in problem. As a consequence of alterations in revenue enhancement, public assistance benefits, disbursement cuts and the go oning effects of the economic downswing ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) advocates that history provides of import lessons for policymakers and turn toing both structural and behavioral causes of poorness is likely to be more effectual than numbering and specifying such households. He believes there is small cognition sing grounds for behaviors and calls for research for battling jobs that these households encounter. Casey ( 2012 ) has given an penetration by utilizing service users narrations and received positive responses from interviewees. However, her research does hold farther restrictions ; a little sample of 16 households, all of whom were at crisis point when they accepted working with the FIP ( Casey 2012 ) . Soloman ( 2012 ) claims that huge figure of vulnerable households are being left without any support. Casey ( 2012 ) made no mention to ethnicity and civilization of the households, hence giving no penetration into diverseness ( Clifford and Burke, 2009 ) . Bailey ( 2012 ) believes that the study breaches ethical criterion s for societal research, the households interviewed are participants in the FIP and hence had a power of countenance over them, therefore it may hold been hard for the households to worsen from the survey. No written information on the hazards of engagement was provided ; he besides suggests that ethical blessing was non applied for. Bailey, ( 2012 ) believes that there is a hazard of placing these households. Casey ( 2012 ) acknowledged that the information was non representative of 120,000 households but claims that it provides a sound footing for policy. Nevertheless, Bailey ( 2012 ) argues that there is no topographic point for unethical research in public policy devising. Comparative surveies were non conducted on households with similar economic and societal fortunes who are non described as troubled . Casey ( 2012 ) discussed intergenerational rhythms of maltreatment, force, intoxicant and drug abuse every bit good as worklessness being grounds for troubled households puting the unity on persons ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Kelly ( 2012 ) welcomes the Government s committedness to assistance households. He proposes that most parents on low incomes are good parents and believes that it is naif to blend unwellness, unequal lodging and poorness with substance abuse and offense. Kelly ( 2012 ) besides argues that many households involved with Family Action are socially stray, unseeable to back up services who struggle on low incomes instead than exposing anti-social behaviors. The instance surveies gave the parents position, nevertheless, the voice and sentiment of the kid was unheard. Ofsted ( 2010 ) found practicians concentrated excessively much on the dema nds of the parents and overlooked the deductions for the kid. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 12 declares, the positions of the kid must be respected, Article 3 provinces that the kid s best involvements must be a primary concern ( Unicef, 1992 ) . This essay will now discourse societal work pattern in relation to one of the households identified in Louise Casey s Report ( 2012 ) Chris and Julie ( appendix 1 ) . In the yesteryear, grownups like Chris and Julie who had larning disablements may hold been prevented from going parents, eugenic theories dominated, with the purpose to guarantee kids with similar disablements were non procreated ( Cleaver and Nicholson 2007 ) . However, in recent old ages attitudes are altering in favor of people with larning disablements giving them the same rights as other citizens sing gender and household life. An increased figure of people with larning troubles now have wider chances for independent life. Harmonizing to Haavik and Menninger ( 1981 cited in Booth and Booth, 1993, p 203 ) deinstitutionalization enabled many people with larning disablements to take part in their community. Duffy ( 2006, cited in Thompson et al 2008 ) , states that self-government is a nucleus rule in achieving citiz enship in western society. The displacement in sentiments and rules is apparent in authorities statute law and counsel therefore impacting on societal work pattern, for case ; Valuing Peoples: a new scheme for larning disablement for the twenty-first century ( 2001 ) , ( DoH 2001 ) and Valuing Peoples Now: The Delivery Plan ( 20102011 ) Making it go on for everyone gives counsel for all professionals back uping people with larning disablements populating in the community ( DoH 2011 ) . In relation to the instance scenario, Article 8 of The Human Rights Act 1998 ( .1 ) provides Chris and Julie with aˆÂ ¦ a right to esteem for private and household life, his place and correspondence ; nevertheless, any intervention with this right must be necessary and lawful with respect to public safety, national security, bar of public upsets and offense, or for the protection of rights and freedoms of others . Both Julie and Chris have a protected feature of disablement and hence under the Equality Act ( 2010 ) should be protected from direct and indirect favoritism from service suppliers. However, kids s rights are overriding and override those of their parents or carers ( DoH, 1998 ) . Access to larning disablement services in England was governed by Fair Access to Care Services ( FACS ) ( DoH, 2003 ) , until it was superseded by Puting Peoples First ( 2007 ) and highlighted the demand for a individualized Adult Social Care System ( DoH, 2007 ) . Emerson et Al ( 2005 ) found one in 15 grownups with larning disablements populating in England were parents and this research emphasised that about half of kids born to parents with learning disablements are at hazard from maltreatment and 20 five per cent no longer lived with their parents ( McGaw,2000 ) . Further research indicates that the bulk of services are as yet unequal in run intoing the demands of households with larning disablements ( McGaw 2000 ) . McInnis et Al ( 2011 ) likewise found complexnesss in finding eligibility for service users. They indicated that determinations sing eligibility are non merely determined by assessment consequences but by local authorities resources. They advocate equality and argue that alterations in appraisal tools are necessary when working with households with larning troubles. Chris and Julie reflect these findings as they merely received intercession when they faced troubles caring for their kids. The parental accomplishments theoretical account would be advantageous for practicians as it is designed to help the appraisal procedure when working with Chris and Julie. The theoretical account focuses on life accomplishments, familial history and entree to back up services. McGaw and Sturmey ( 1994 ) found that if troubles arise for parents in any of the three countries it Service users possibly uncooperative and loath to prosecute with services, possibly due to anxiousnesss and fright of effects. For illustration ; their kids being removed from their attention and their ain childhood experiences. Cultural consciousness and age appropriate intercessions are necessary to enable partnership working ( Egan, 2007 cited in Martin, 2010 ) . Horwath ( 2011 ) found that although some societal workers faced barriers to the Child-focused Assessment Framework, due to heavy work loads, clip limitations, public presentation marks and limited preparation chances. Others found that extra bureauc ratism gave them a security in their pattern. Smale, et Al. ( 1993 ) highlighted the undermentioned theoretical accounts of appraisal ; oppugning, procedural, and exchange theoretical account. The latter may be good when working in partnership with this household as the service users are viewed as experts and AIDSs their possible for working together towards ends. When working with households communicating can be complex ; effectual communicating would include active listening accomplishments, individual centred planning and intercession, besides avoiding the usage of professional jargon ( Anning et al, 2006 ) . The worker should be cognizant of non-verbal communicating and power instabilities in their working relationship ( DoH, DfES, 2007 ) . It may be advisable for this household to entree protagonism services to advance equality, societal inclusion and societal justness ( actionforadvocacy.org.uk, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to Yuill and Gibson ( 2011 ) , advocacy promotes anti-oppressive pattern. Horwath ( 2010 ) suggests positive relationships are built on trust. This echoes the individual centred rules of Rogers ( 1961, cited in Thompson et Al, 2008 ) enabling the practician to detect realistic emotional, bodily and behavioral responses from the kid and household, that are indispensable for effectual information assemblage for appraisals ( DoH 2006 ) . Martin ( 2010 ) argues in order to guarantee an apprehension of the service user narrative within a multi-professional context the practician should reflect and summarize and do accurate recordings. Information should be stored in conformity to the Data Protection Act, 1989 ( legislation.gov.uk ) and besides be shared efficaciously between multi-agencies and safeguarding sections ( Crippling, 2003 ) . Numerous kids have died from maltreatment and disregard in the United Kingdom ( Brandon et al, 2005 ) . In 2000, Victoria Climbie was subjected to inhuman treatment by her aunt and her spouse which resulted in her loss of life. Laming ( 2003 ) describes Victoria s decease as a gross failure of the system and inexcusable and recommended reforms ( 1.18 p.3 ) . In England, the authorities published the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) and extra policy counsel came approximately in Every Child Matters: Change for Children ( 2003 ) that made all professionals accountable for safeguarding, kid development, concentrating on early intercession, joint sense of duty and information sharing with incorporate forepart line services and an accent on kids carry throughing their possible ( dcsf.gov.uk 2012 ) . The undermentioned twelvemonth the Children Act ( 2004 ) Section 11 ( DfES, 2005 ) gave clear counsel on multi-agency working and provinc es that safeguarding kids is everyone s concern. The Children Act 1989 ( DoH,1989 ) and the Children Act 2004 ( DoH,2004a ) presently underpin kid public assistance pattern in England. The former Act considers the construct of a child in demand ( subdivision 17 ) and accentuates the importance household support services who both promote the kid s public assistance and assist precaution and assist parents in their function. In add-on Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2010 ) gives extended counsel on collaborative working and defines functions and duties of professionals ( HM. Government 2010 ) . This counsel is soon being revised and reduced to relieve bureaucratism for professionals, nevertheless Mansuri ( 2012, cited in McGregor 2012 ) argues that the existent safeguarding concerns are unwieldy caseloads, plumping moral and cuts to back up staff and criticises the authorities for neglecting to confer with more practicians sing these alterations. An illustration for effectual working together that may profit the household in the instance scenario is Team around the Family ( TAF ) intercession. This encourages effectual, early designation of extra demand, it assesses strengths and is renewing in attack that provides the household chances for alteration and enhances multi-agency coaction ( cheshirewestandchester,2012 ) . Family mentoring services may besides be utile in this instance ( catch-22.2012 ) . Children s Services in England and Wales adhere to The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) . The Assessment Framework provides an ecological attack of the kid s developmental demands, rearing capacity, household and environmental factors. This ecological attack was championed by Bronfenbrenner, ( 1979, cited Martin, 2010 ) found that by integrating the microsystem, exosystem and macrosystem benefited both practicians and service users by enabling wider societies influences of civilization and economic fortunes to be considered in appraisal ( Wilson et al, 2011 ) . This evidenced- based model purposes to guarantee that the kid s public assistance is both promoted and protected ( Cleaver et al, 2004 ) . This model provides a consistent method of collating and analyzing information, therefore giving practicians a more consistent apprehension of the kid s developmental demands, the capacity of their parents and the influence of the drawn-out household and other environmental factors that impact on the household ( DoH al, 2000 ) . However, Garrett ( 2003 ; Rose, 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) believe that the underpinning grounds for the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( 2000 ) is debatable. Howarth ( 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) suggests that attach toing specific counsel for kids from black and cultural minorities are less widely circulated than the model papers. Katz ( 1997, cited in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) accuses the model as being mechanistic checklists used by inexperient staff as informations aggregation tools and fring focal point on placing and run intoing the demands of kids ( Horwath, 2002 cited in Crisp et al 2007 ) . Similarly, Munro ( 2011 ) challenged all professionals to guarantee that our kid protection system is centred on the kid or immature individual, as she believes the system has lost its focal point on the kid s demands and experiences and has been excessively focused on regulations, time-frames in appraisal and processs. At present an initial appraisal is carried out 10 yearss from referral and a nucleus appraisal must be completed within 35 yearss of an Initial Assessment, and would be undertaken to originate kid protection enquires ( DoH et al, 2000 ) . Practitioners use duplicate trailing and prosecute other possibilities for the household ( scie-socialcareonline.org.uk ) . This may be ethically and emotionally hard for practicians ; they should guarantee supervising and adhere to their professional criterions of proficiency and moralss ( HCPC, 2012 ) . Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional expertness and revise statutory counsel on service intercession and bringing and calls for more focal point on understanding the implicit in issues that influenced professional pattern that resulted in Serious Case Reviews. Munro ( 2011 ) besides calls for reforming societal work preparation and arrangement proviso for pupils. The authorities accepted Munro s recommendations and alterations to the system will be implemented in 2012 ( DfE 2011 ) . Damien ( see appendix 1 ) meets the threshold standard for intercession under section17 ( 10 ) of The Children Act ( 1989 ) as his wellness or development may be significantly impaired without support services. At present he does non look to be at hazard of important injury, nevertheless a nucleus appraisal may be good in finding the appropriate support services ( HM Government, 2010 ) , examples include Youth Offending Teams ( YOT ) who deliver offense bar programmes ( youth-offending-team, 2012 ) , Particular Educational Needs Coordinators ( SENCO ) and larning wise mans provide support in educational scenes ( Good schools guide,2012 ) . It is critical throughout the appraisal procedure that practicians are non-judgmental and utilize brooding pattern and have an consciousness of transference and counter-transference to scatter any negative responses and feelings ( DoH, 2000 ; Wilson et Al, 2008 ) . The practician should pull on theories of human development through the lifetime every bit good as sociological, biological, psychological and psychosocial theories. For illustration ; biological theory would see familial influences, physical development and instinctual behavior whereas the sociological position would underscore the importance of societal factors ( Horwath, 2010 ) . It may be that the household are populating in poorness and had have non been in reception of full benefit entitlements or support services ; it would be advisable to reach relevant public assistance bureaus and seek professional aid for fiscal support to help this household ( family-action, 2012 ) . The Children Act ( 1989 ) states that for the bulk of kids their household is the most appropriate topographic point for them to populate. However, the local authorization has a responsibility of attention and Madison ( see appendix 1 ) demands to be accommodated under subdivision 20 of the Children Act ( 1989 ) , as she is a kid in demand ( subdivision 17 ) or a kid at hazard of important injury ( subdivision 47 ) . Chris and Julie have parental duty for their kids until they are adopted ( D of H, 1989 ; 2000 ; HM Government, 2010 ) . When measuring households the practician should hold an apprehension of theories that inform pattern. In relation to Erikson s ( 1982 ) theory of psychosocial phases of development, it could be suggested that Madison is in the 5th phase of development known as ; Identity and Repudiation versus Identity diffusion. This phase normally will happen between ages 12-18. Throughout adolescence kids are going more independent and developing a sense of ego. Madison could see confusion in this phase as she has spent clip in affinity and residential attention. Erikson ( 1982 ) believes with encouragement, support, and through personal geographic expedition striplings can go forth this phase with a strong individuality and way in life. If Madison fails to go through through this phase successfully she will be insecure about herself and her hereafter ( Erikson, 1982 cited in Wilson et al 2008 ) . Hamachek ( 1988 ) suggests this theory is equivocal in placing behavior of an person s psychological growing throughout different phases of development. Chris and Julie have had one kid adopted and have been unable to rear eight of their nine kids. During assessment practicians should hold an apprehension of attachment classs and associating behaviors ; it could be that some of Chris and Julies kids developed anxious-ambivalent fond regards. Role reversal may hold taken topographic point, therefore ensuing in the kids going angry about the undependability of the carer and perchance the ground for them exposing anti-social behaviors Ainsworth ( et al. , 1978 cited in Becket and Taylor, 2010 ) . Early fond regard theory was criticized for denying adult females equality in the workplace by connoting that the hazard of female parents go forthing their kids would be damaging to their kids s development ( Beckett and Taylor, 2010 ) . With respect to Julie and Chris, the local authorization could set about a pre-birth appraisal and multi-professional instance conference under ( subdivision 47 ) of the Children Act ( 1989 ) to measure parent ing capacity, household and environment, and their ability to prolong rearing to run into the kid s development and altering demands ( Department of Health 1989 ; Department of Health, 2010 ) . Specialist appraisal tools for parents with learning disablements would help the twosome in their apprehension and partnership planning ( McGaw, 2000 ; cited in Wallbridge, 2012 ) . Both Chris and Julie have completed a rearing class and this is positive as they had non done so antecedently ( Casey 2012 ) . Wallbridge ( 2012 ) claims successful support bundles offer intensive, uninterrupted preparation for parenting, for illustration group work and life accomplishments in the place, both parents experiencing valued are frequently positive accelerators of alteration. A recent authorities study ( 2012 ) nevertheless, identified the kid protection system as being reactive instead than proactive with respect to immature people accessing services. It warned that professionals gave the parents legion alterations to better their parenting accomplishments and kids were left to populate with inattentive parents ( publications.parliament.uk, 2012 ) This essay has critiqued the study Listening to Troubled Families by Louise Casey ( 2012 ) and found restrictions in the methodological analysis. It considered the demands of a household identified and critiqued the function and accomplishments of a societal worker in safeguarding. It has argued the importance of effectual multi-professional coaction, cognition of modern-day statute law, pattern and theories with respect to implementing partnership working to back up kids, households and carers. It besides identified external accounts ; poorness, isolation and late intercession can impact on these households. Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional opinions and alteration statutory counsel in order to assist safeguard kids. Bibliography Action for Advocacy ( 2012 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.actionforadvocacy.org.uk/ [ Accessed 25th October 2012 ] Anning, A. Cottrell, D. Frost, F. Green, J. Robinson, M ( 2006 ) Developing Multi-professional Teamwork for Integrated Children s Services. England. Open University Press. Bailey, N ( 2012 ) The Listening to Troubled Families study is an ethical failure. 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